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Subtle changes in a horse’s facial expression (known as the Grimace Scale), such as tightened nostrils or stiffly backwards-pointing ears, are highly accurate indicators of acute pain or colic. Neurological and Cognitive Decline

Clomipramine is frequently used to treat separation anxiety and obsessive behaviors. zooskool simone dog top

Medications like trazodone or gabapentin are used on an as-needed basis for short-term stressors, such as veterinary visits or thunderstorms. Subtle changes in a horse’s facial expression (known

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: A relatively new discipline that combines behavior, physiology, and ethics to assess and improve the well-being of animals. PubMed Central (PMC) (.gov) Current Research & Technology Trends

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Dr. Elena Vance had always believed that veterinary medicine was 20% anatomy, 20% pharmacology, and 60% translation. Her job wasn’t just to heal animals; it was to translate their silent, evolutionary language into something a human could understand.