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Because water has a lower boiling point than the heavy hydrocarbons in the sample but is denser than the carrier solvent, it separates rapidly once condensed. The solvent, being lighter than water, continuously overflows from the collection trap and returns back down into the distillation flask to maintain a continuous reflux cycle. The heavier water remains trapped at the bottom of the graduated receiver, allowing for a precise volumetric readout. Astm D95 Pdf
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Many petroleum products have boiling points significantly higher than water. However, simply boiling the sample may not efficiently separate the water, especially if the sample is viscous or tends to emulsify. ASTM D95 utilizes a water-immiscible solvent (typically a petroleum distillate like xylene, toluene, or a petroleum naphtha) that has a lower boiling point than water.